Modeling of Loop Heat Pipe Thermal Performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.81.1.4172Keywords:
Loop heat pipe, modeling, capillary structure, electronics coolingAbstract
The present work deals with the heat transfer performance of a copper-water loop heat pipe (LHP) with a flat oval evaporator in steady-state operation. Modeling the heat transfer in the evaporator was particularly studied, and the evaporation heat transfer coefficient was determined from a dimensionless correlation developed based on experimental data from the literature. The model was based on steady-state energy balance equations for each LHP component. The model results were compared to the experimental ones for various heat loads, cooling temperatures, and elevations, and a good agreement was obtained. Finally, a parametric study was conducted to show the effects of different key parameters, such as the axial conductive heat leaks between the evaporator and the compensation chamber cases, the capillary structure porosity and material, and the groove dimensions.
References
Hodot, Romain, Valérie Sartre, Frédéric Lefèvre, and Claude Sarno. "Modeling and experimental tests of a loop heat pipe for aerospace applications." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 30, no. 1 (2016): 182-191. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.T4551
Sarno, C., C. Tantolin, R. Hodot, Yu Maydanik, and S. Vershinin. "Loop thermosyphon thermal management of the avionics of an in-flight entertainment system." Applied Thermal Engineering 51, no. 1-2 (2013): 764-769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.10.012
Singh, Randeep, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, Chris Dixon, Mastaka Mochizuki, and Roger R. Riehl. "Miniature loop heat pipe with flat evaporator for cooling computer CPU." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 30, no. 1 (2007): 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAPT.2007.892066
Singh, Randeep, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, and Masataka Mochizuki. "Operational characteristics of a miniature loop heat pipe with flat evaporator." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 47, no. 11 (2008): 1504-1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2007.12.013
Singh, Randeep, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, and Masataka Mochizuki. "Effect of wick characteristics on the thermal performance of the miniature loop heat pipe." Journal of Heat Transfer 131, no. 8 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3109994
Singh, Randeep, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, and Masataka Mochizuki. "Operational characteristics of the miniature loop heat pipe with non-condensable gases." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53, no. 17-18 (2010): 3471-3482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.04.008
Celata, Gian Piero, Maurizio Cumo, and Massimo Furrer. "Experimental tests of a stainless steel loop heat pipe with flat evaporator." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 34, no. 7 (2010): 866-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2010.02.001
Li, Ji, Daming Wang, and G. P. Peterson. "Experimental studies on a high performance compact loop heat pipe with a square flat evaporator." Applied Thermal Engineering 30, no. 6-7 (2010): 741-752.
Adoni, Abhijit Avinash, Amrit Ambirajan, V. S. Jasvanth, Dinesh Kumar, and Pradip Dutta. "Theoretical and experimental studies on an ammonia-based loop heat pipe with a flat evaporator." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 33, no. 2 (2010): 478-487. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAPT.2010.2042056
Liu, Zhichun, Dongxing Gai, Huan Li, Wei Liu, Jinguo Yang, and Mengmeng Liu. "Investigation of impact of different working fluids on the operational characteristics of miniature LHP with flat evaporator." Applied Thermal Engineering 31, no. 16 (2011): 3387-3392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.06.023
Nguyen, Xuan Hung, Byung Ho Sung, Jeehoon Choi, Seong Ryoul Ryoo, Han Seo Ko, and Chulju Kim. "Study on heat transfer performance for loop heat pipe with circular flat evaporator." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55, no. 4 (2012): 1304-1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.09.010
Joung, Wukchul, Keesool Gam, Kwangmin Park, Sungpil Ma, and Jinho Lee. "Transient responses of the flat evaporator loop heat pipe." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 57, no. 1 (2013): 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.10.025
Wang, Dongdong, Zhichun Liu, Song He, Jinguo Yang, and Wei Liu. "Operational characteristics of a loop heat pipe with a flat evaporator and two primary biporous wicks." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 89 (2015): 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.05.042
Xu, Jiayin, Zhiyuan Wang, Hong Xu, and Li Zhang. "Experimental research on the heat performance of a flat copper-water loop heat pipe with different inventories." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 84 (2017): 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.02.003
He, Song, Jing Zhao, Zhi-chun Liu, Wei Tian, Jin-guo Yang, and Wei Liu. "Experimental investigation of loop heat pipe with a large squared evaporator for cooling electronics." Applied Thermal Engineering 144 (2018): 383-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.08.075
Anand, A. R., Akhil Jaiswal, Amrit Ambirajan, and Pradip Dutta. "Experimental studies on a miniature loop heat pipe with flat evaporator with various working fluids." Applied Thermal Engineering 144 (2018): 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.08.092
Zhang, Yixue, Junyu Liu, Longfei Liu, Haolin Jiang, and Tao Luan. "Numerical simulation and analysis of heat leakage reduction in loop heat pipe with carbon fiber capillary wick." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 146 (2019): 106100.
Singh, Randeep, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, Chris Dixon, and Masataka Mochizuki. "Novel design of a miniature loop heat pipe evaporator for electronic cooling." Journal of Heat Transfer 129 (2007): 1445-1452. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2754945
Joung, Wukchul, Taeu Yu, and Jinho Lee. "Experimental study on the loop heat pipe with a planar bifacial wick structure." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51, no. 7-8 (2008): 1573-1581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.07.048
Joung, Wukchul, Taeu Yu, and Jinho Lee. "Experimental study on the operating characteristics of a flat bifacial evaporator loop heat pipe." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53, no. 1-3 (2010): 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.09.031
Maydanik, Yu, S. Vershinin, M. Chernysheva, and S. Yushakova. "Investigation of a compact copper-water loop heap pipe with a flat evaporator." Applied Thermal Engineering 31, no. 16 (2011): 3533-3541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.07.008
Becker, Suzanne, S. Vershinin, V. Sartre, E. Laurien, Jocelyn Bonjour, and Yu F. Maydanik. "Steady state operation of a copper-water LHP with a flat-oval evaporator." Applied Thermal Engineering 31, no. 5 (2011): 686-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.02.005
Zhang, Xianfeng, Jiepeng Huo, and Shuangfeng Wang. "Experimental investigation on temperature oscillation in a miniature loop heat pipe with flat evaporator." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 37 (2012): 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2011.09.010
Wang, Shuangfeng, Jiepeng Huo, Xianfeng Zhang, and Zirong Lin. "Experimental study on operating parameters of miniature loop heat pipe with flat evaporator." Applied Thermal Engineering 40 (2012): 318-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.02.029
Choi, Jeehoon, Wataru Sano, Weijie Zhang, Yuan Yuan, Yunkeun Lee, and Diana-Andra Borca-Tasciuc. "Experimental investigation on sintered porous wicks for miniature loop heat pipe applications." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 51 (2013): 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.08.009
Chernysheva, M. A., S. I. Yushakova, and Y. F. Maydanik. "Effect of external factors on the operating characteristics of a copper-water loop heat pipe." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 81 (2015): 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.10.037
Maydanik, Yury F., Vladimir G. Pastukhov, and Mariya A. Chernysheva. "Development and investigation of a miniature copper-acetone loop heat pipe with a flat evaporator." Journal of Electronics Cooling and Thermal Control 5, no. 04 (2015): 77-88. https://doi.org/10.4236/jectc.2015.54006
Odagiri, Kimihide, and Hosei Nagano. "Heat transfer characteristics of flat evaporator loop heat pipe under high heat flux condition with different orientations." Applied Thermal Engineering 153 (2019): 828-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.02.022
Chuang, Po-Ya Abel. "An Improved Steady-State Model Of Loop Heat Pipes Based On Experimental And Theoretical Analyses." PhD diss., The Pennsylvania State University, 2003.
Furukawa, Masao. "Model-based method of theoretical design analysis of a loop heat pipe." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 20, no. 1 (2006): 111-121. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.14675
Adoni, Abhijit A., Amrit Ambirajan, V. S. Jasvanth, D. Kumar, Pradip Dutta, and K. Srinivasan. "Thermohydraulic modeling of capillary pumped loop and loop heat pipe." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 21, no. 2 (2007): 410-421. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.26222
Launay, Stéphane, Valérie Sartre, and Jocelyn Bonjour. "Analytical model for characterization of loop heat pipes." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 22, no. 4 (2008): 623-631. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.37439
Bai, Lizhan, Guiping Lin, Hongxing Zhang, and Dongsheng Wen. "Mathematical modeling of steady-state operation of a loop heat pipe." Applied Thermal Engineering 29, no. 13 (2009): 2643-2654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.12.040
Singh, Randeep, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, Chris Dixon, and Masataka Mochizuki. "Theoretical modelling of miniature loop heat pipe." Heat and Mass Transfer 46, no. 2 (2009): 209-224.
Chernysheva, Mariya A., and Yury F. Maydanik. "3D-model for heat and mass transfer simulation in flat evaporator of copper-water loop heat pipe." Applied Thermal Engineering 33 (2012): 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.09.025
Chernysheva, Mariya A., Vladimir G. Pastukhov, and Yury F. Maydanik. "Analysis of heat exchange in the compensation chamber of a loop heat pipe." Energy 55 (2013): 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.014
Hamdan, Mohammad, and Emad Elnajjar. "Loop heat pipe: Simple thermodynamic." World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 52 (2009): 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-009-0555-0
Ghajar, M., and J. Darabi. "Evaporative heat transfer analysis of a micro loop heat pipe with rectangular grooves." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 79 (2014): 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2013.12.014
Lin, Fang-Chou, Bing-Han Liu, Chi-Ting Huang, and Yau-Ming Chen. "Evaporative heat transfer model of a loop heat pipe with bidisperse wick structure." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54, no. 21-22 (2011): 4621-4629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.06.015
Siedel, Benjamin, Valérie Sartre, and Frédéric Lefèvre. "Numerical investigation of the thermohydraulic behaviour of a complete loop heat pipe." Applied Thermal Engineering 61, no. 2 (2013): 541-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.08.017
Bai, Lizhan, Guiping Lin, Zuodong Mu, and Dongsheng Wen. "Theoretical analysis of steady-state performance of a loop heat pipe with a novel evaporator." Applied Thermal Engineering 64, no. 1-2 (2014): 233-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.12.052
Bai, Lizhan, Jinghui Guo, Guiping Lin, Jiang He, and Dongsheng Wen. "Steady-state modeling and analysis of a loop heat pipe under gravity-assisted operation." Applied Thermal Engineering 83 (2015): 88-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.03.014
Zhu, Lin, and Jianlin Yu. "Simulation of steady-state operation of an ejector-assisted loop heat pipe with a flat evaporator for application in electronic cooling." Applied Thermal Engineering 95 (2016): 236-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.028
Siedel, Benjamin, Valérie Sartre, and Frédéric Lefèvre. "Complete analytical model of a loop heat pipe with a flat evaporator." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 89 (2015): 372-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.11.014
Chernysheva, M. A., and Yu F. Maydanik. "Peculiarities of heat transfer in a flat disk-shaped evaporator of a loop heat pipe." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 92 (2016): 1026-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.08.108
Esarte, J., A. Bernardini, J. M. Blanco, and R. Sancibrian. "Optimizing the design for a two-phase cooling loop heat pipe: Part A: Numerical model, validation and application to a case study." Applied Thermal Engineering 99 (2016): 892-904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.01.150
Weng, Chih-Yuan, and Tzong-Shyng Leu. "Two-phase flow pattern based theoretical study of loop heat pipes." Applied Thermal Engineering 98 (2016): 228-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.124
Pozhilov, Aleksey A., Dmitri K. Zaitsev, Evgueni M. Smirnov, and Aleksander A. Smirnovsky. "Numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer in a 3D model of a loop heat pipe evaporator." St. Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics 3, no. 3 (2017): 210-217.
Ramasamy, Navin Subbaiah, Prem Kumar, Bhimashankar Wangaskar, Sameer Khandekar, and Yuri F. Maydanik. "Miniature ammonia loop heat pipe for terrestrial applications: Experiments and modeling." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 124 (2018): 263-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.10.018
Li, Jian, Fangjun Hong, Rongjian Xie, and Ping Cheng. "Pore scale simulation of evaporation in a porous wick of a loop heat pipe flat evaporator using Lattice Boltzmann method." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 102 (2019): 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.01.008
Chernysheva, M. A., and Y. F. Maydanik. "Simulation of heat and mass transfer in a cylindrical evaporator of a loop heat pipe." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 131 (2019): 442-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.11.034
Gabsi, I., Samah Maalej, and Mohamed Chaker Zaghdoudi. "Thermal performance modeling of loop heat pipes with flat evaporator for electronics cooling." Microelectronics Reliability 84 (2018): 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2018.02.023
Chernysheva, M. A., S. I. Yushakova, and Yu F. Maydanik. "Copper-water loop heat pipes for energy-efficient cooling systems of supercomputers." Energy 69 (2014): 534-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.048
